Bioremediation composition with time-release materials for removing energetic compounds from contaminated environments

ABSTRACT

A composition useful for removing energetic compounds from contaminated environments. The composition includes a supported reactant including an adsorbent with high affinity for energetic compounds. Further, the composition includes a first bioremediation material comprising at least one organism capable of degrading an energetic compound and a polymeric substance fueling the first bioremediation material during the degrading of the energetic compound. Additionally, the composition includes a second bioremediation material breaking the polymeric substance into smaller molecules over a degradation time period to provide the fueling of the first bioremediation material in a time-release manner.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Pat. Appl. No.62/377,918, filed Aug. 22, 2016, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Energetic compounds, defined as the active chemical components ofexplosives and propellants, are necessary for a variety of purposesspanning peaceful and military applications. Common energetic compoundsinclude the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT),hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), andoctahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) as well asnitroglycerin (NG), nitroguanidine (NQ), nitrocellulose (NC),2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and various perchlorate formulations employedin missile, rocket, and gun propellants. The present description is notlimited to just these compounds and may generally be applied to the widerange of nitrocompounds detailed on the “List of Explosive Materials”published in the Federal Register by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,Firearms, and Explosives.

For decades, the United States military used unlinedevaporation/percolation lagoons for disposal of wastewaters frommanufacturing, demilitarization, and load, assemble, and pack (LAP)operations. Many explosives have subsequently accumulated at thesurfaces of lagoons, sometimes at concentrations in the percent range.These areas are a significant concern relative to long-term soil andgroundwater contamination as well as for the potential for accidentaldetonation. Additionally, energetic materials or compounds havecontaminated soils worldwide as the result of manufacturing operations,military conflict, and military training activities. Explosives such astrinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclonite (RDX), and octogen (HMX) andpropellants such as nitrate esters (e.g., NG or the like) andperchlorates present the greatest concern to public health and theenvironment because they are manufactured and used in the greatestquantities. Unfortunately, RDX, TNT, and perchlorate are commongroundwater contaminants throughout North America. In addition, many ofthe degradation products stemming from these compounds also pose healthand environmental hazards.

Energetic compounds undergo varying degrees of chemical and biochemicaltransformation depending on the compounds involved and environmentalfactors. For example, processes that influence the environmental fate ofexplosive compounds may be divided into the following categories: (1)influences on transport (dissolution, volatilization, and adsorption);and (2) influences on transformation (photolysis, hydrolysis, reduction,and biological degradation).

FIG. 1 illustrates the major fate and transport pathways for energeticmaterials. It is clear from FIG. 1 that a complex range of degradationproducts are possible when these compounds are released to theenvironment. The typical site is contaminated with multiple energeticsor energetic compounds resulting in a vast array of transformationproducts, which may be toxic and result in health and environmentalhazards. Many of the transformation pathways shown in FIG. 1 have beenexploited to develop technology for remediation of energetics basedcontamination in soil and groundwater.

SUMMARY

The inventor recognized that the largest limitation of these priorremediation technologies is that the contaminants are not fullytransformed to non-toxic materials so remediation often results inexchanging one toxin for another. From a regulatory point of view, verylittle improvement is realized, considerable financial resources arewasted with little benefit, and health hazards remain when theseconventional technologies are implemented. Also, due to the relativelylow aqueous solubility of many explosives such as TNT (i.e., 130 mg/L),RDX (i.e., 42 mg/L), and HMX (i.e., 5 mg/L), slow dissolution of solidparticles results in continuous release to the local environment overextended periods of time.

Granular activated carbon (GAC) is one of the most widely used materialsfor treating groundwater and wastewater contaminated with explosives,but no permanent treatment is achieved. Bioregeneration, which treatsadsorbed contaminants by desorption and biodegradation, is beingdeveloped as a method for reducing GAC usage rates and permanentlydegrading RDX and HMX. In addition, carbon has been shown to be aneffective medium to shuttle electrons (produced from biologicaldegradation of donor substrates) to absorbed energetics and facilitateits degradation. These processes are being developed to reduce the GACusage rate and extend the life of carbon beds.

Most explosives that occur as groundwater pollutants are nitro aromaticcompounds (TNT, trinitrobenzene, and various di- and mono-nitrotoluenes)or nitramines (RDX, HMX, and Tetryl). Under favorable conditions, mostof these compounds react rapidly with zero-valent iron (ZVI), whichsuggests that permeable reactive barriers containing zero-valent iron(Fe-PRBs) might be useful for remediation of groundwater contaminatedwith explosives. Much work along these lines has been completed over thelast ten years, and ZVI has been widely used for remediation ofgroundwater. The problem with using ZVI in remediating energeticcompounds including explosives is two-fold: (1) although parentcompounds such as TNT are rapidly removed from groundwater, it isbelieved that a portion of the original TNT along with degradationbyproducts are sorbed to the oxidized iron surface and it is not clearhow stable the sorption will be over time; and (2) reduced byproductsincluding triaminotoluene are formed that are also very toxic. Ineffect, existing technologies using ZVI are effectively exchanging onetoxin for another.

In addition to abiotic methods such as the use of ZVI, energetics havealso been remediated using biological technologies. Certain strains ofpseudomonas and fungi can use TNT as a nitrogen source through theremoval of nitrogen as nitrite from TNT under aerobic conditions and thefurther reduction of the released nitrite to ammonium, which isincorporated into carbon skeletons. Phanerochaete chrysosporium andother fungi mineralize TNT under ligninolytic conditions by convertingit into reduced TNT intermediates, which are excreted to the externalmilieu, where they are substrates for ligninolytic enzymes. Most, if notall, aerobic microorganisms reduce TNT to the corresponding aminoderivatives via the formation of nitroso and hydroxylamineintermediates. Condensation of the latter compounds yields highlyrecalcitrant azoxytetranitrotoluenes.

Anaerobic microorganisms can also degrade TNT through differentpathways. One pathway involves reduction of TNT to triaminotoluene, butsubsequent steps are still not known. Some such species may reduce TNTto hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes, which are then further metabolized.Another pathway has been described that involves nitrite release andfurther reduction to ammonium, with almost 85% of the N-TNT incorporatedas organic N in the cells. It was recently reported that in this strainTNT can serve as a final electron acceptor in respiratory chains andthat the reduction of TNT is coupled to ATP synthesis. A number ofbiotechnological applications of bacteria and fungi, including slurryreactors, composting, and land farming, have also been discussed forremoving TNT from polluted soils. These treatments have been designed toachieve mineralization or reduction of TNT and immobilization of itsamino derivatives on humic material. These approaches are highlyefficient in removing TNT, and increasing amounts of research into thepotential usefulness of phytoremediation, rhizophytoremediation, andtransgenic plants with bacterial genes for TNT removal are beingcompleted.

The inventor discovered that the above-described technologies share oneor more of the following drawbacks: (1) long periods of time arerequired for sustained reduction in contaminant concentrations to berealized; (2) although reductions can be realized, regulatory cleanupstandards or goals for soil and groundwater are seldom attained; (3)performance is inconsistent and highly dependent on site conditions andcontaminant levels; and (4) treatment technologies such as ZVI orbiodegradation are often effective with specific explosives but onlypartially effective with others. For example, with the use of thesetechnologies, by-products are often released that are more toxic thanthe original contaminants, and this release creates a transientcondition more egregious than what existed before treatment. Hence, theinventor has identified an ongoing need for remediation processes toeffectively clean up soil and/or groundwater contaminated withenergetics or energetic compounds that is rapid, is cost effective, anddoes not release toxic by-products into the soil, air, or groundwater.

In brief, the present description provides compositions and methods forin situ soil and/or groundwater remediation that can reduce contaminantconcentrations quickly to regulatory cleanup standards. The compositionsand methods work in a variety of soil and groundwater conditions and areapplicable for the remediation of a variety of contaminants. The methodsand compositions of this description do not release toxic by-productsinto the soil, groundwater, or air and have no adverse impact on soilproperties or groundwater quality. The compositions of this descriptionare also cost effective in that they remain active for an extendedperiod of time so that only a single treatment is required.

In prior work, the inventor created a composition which, when added to asite such as soil and/or groundwater contaminated with one or morehalogenated hydrocarbons, adsorbs the halogenated hydrocarbons andreduces them to less innocuous by-products. This composition was agranular activated carbon whose inner pore structure had beenimpregnated with elemental iron. This elemental iron-based compositionmay be considered a supported reactant for in situ remediation of soiland/or groundwater contaminated with one or more halogenatedhydrocarbon. The supported reactant was formed mainly of an adsorbentimpregnated with zero valent iron, and the adsorbent was chosen so as tobe capable of adsorbing the halogenated hydrocarbon contaminants as wellas the intermediate by-products resulting from the degradation of thecontaminants. In one embodiment, the adsorbent is activated carbon. Theinventor determined that this elemental iron-based composition wasuseful in methods for the remediation of an environment contaminatedwith halogenated hydrocarbons, with such methods including adding thesupported reactant to one or more sites of the contaminated environment.In this manner, reductive dehalogenation of the halogenated hydrocarboncontaminants is achieved.

In regard to the present description, the inventor further recognizedthere may be a useful synergy between this elemental iron-basedcomposition and bioremediation technologies. Particularly, it wasunderstood that successful degradation of many contaminants is oftenmainly about achieving successful electron transfer. To this end, theelemental iron-based composition may be used with a first blend oforganisms that are chosen for their ability to degrade explosives, otherenergetic compounds, and their degradation byproducts. For example, theelemental iron-based composition may act to absorb the contaminantswithin the pores of the activated carbon near the impregnated iron,which acts in conjunction with this first blend of organisms to degradethe contaminants.

With respect to the supported reactant, this same synergy may also existwhen metallic iron is replaced with other metals, alloys, or multimetalcombinations. For example, zinc, tin, platinum, palladium, copper,manganese, iridium, cobalt, titanium, or nickel may perform better thaniron for degrading energetic compounds. In addition, alloys such asmagnesium-aluminum or ferro-titanium may offer advantages. Finally,bimetallic combinations like copper plated iron, or iron activated withplatinum or palladium may prove effective.

Further, though, the inventor recognized that it is desirable to “feed”or “fuel” the organisms of the first blend/composition to continue todegrade the contaminants over a longer period of time. Prior substratesused for this purpose often were ineffective as they donate hydrogen orthe like very quickly and do not continue to be effective in feeding orfueling the first blend of organisms over time (e.g., over 20 to 40 daysor more).

To this end, the inventor discovered that it would be useful to providea combination of an organic compound (or polymeric substance or polymer)such as a complex carbohydrate to fuel/feed the first blend of organismsand a second blend of organisms whose sole purpose/function is to breakthe organic compound(s) into smaller molecules that are more readilyutilized by the microorganisms of the first blend to support degradationof the contaminants. In this way, the fuel or smaller molecules from thesubstrate are made available in a time released manner (e.g., theorganic compound with the organisms acts as a time release material)that facilitates the degradation of the contaminants over a much longerperiod of time so as to achieve greater percentages of degradation(e.g., 64 to 86 percent degradation achieved in some bench trials). Inparticular implementations, the organic compound is a complexcarbohydrate that is (or includes) starch (such as a food grade starchfrom a source such as corn, starch, rice, wheat, or the like) whileother exemplary, but not limiting, implementations utilize chitin.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is functional block and/or flow diagram illustrating the majorfate and transport pathways for energetic materials.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description relates to new remediation compositions andmethods for in situ remediation of environments such as soil orgroundwater contaminated with energetics/explosives. The descriptionbuilds upon prior discoveries made by the inventor of a supportedreactant (or elemental iron-based composition) that is particularly wellsuited for cleaning up soil and groundwater contaminated with a varietyof organic toxins. The effectiveness of this supportedreactant/elemental iron-based composition is greatly enhanced, though,by combining it with bioremediation technologies (e.g., a set or blendof one-to-many microorganisms) suited for degrading these toxins tocreate a new remediation composition.

Further, the effectiveness of the bioremediation technologies isincreased by including in the new remediation composition a combinationof a time release material (or organic compound or polymeric substance(such as a complex carbohydrate (e.g., starch, chitin, or the like) witha second set or blend of one or more microorganisms chosen for breakingup or degrading the time release material (e.g., a complex carbohydrate)into smaller molecules for better utilization over time by the secondset or blend of microorganisms. Stated differently, the elementaliron-based composition (or supported reactant as called herein) combinedwith the organic compound(s) or polymeric substance(s) (e.g., a starch(or other complex carbohydrate)) and microorganisms degrading organiccompounds/polymeric substances provide a time release composition orplatform that acts to enhance and support (e.g., fuel) the degradationover a relatively long period (e.g., 20 to 365 days or more). This timerelease platform is used (as it slowly releases hydrogen or the like) inthe new composition described herein by the set or blend ofmicroorganisms included that degrade the contaminants such as energeticcompounds including explosives.

With regard to “the time release material” to be used, the inventorunderstood that polymers are large molecules formed when monomers linktogether to form the larger molecule. The monomer can be a simplecompound like ethylene (CH₂CH₂) or a more complex substance or materialsuch as a sugar. In general, polymers have the following structure:[repeating unit]_(n), where the repeating unit is a monomer and n is thedegree of polymerization. With respect to degradation of halogenatedorganic compounds, many simple substances have been used to promote suchdegradation. However, they are typically very short lived and includesugars and fatty acids like lactic acid. As previously described, thesesimple substances or compounds are water soluble and readily consumed bya variety of microorganisms.

With this problem in mind, the inventor recognized the need for a timerelease material that would be a source of such compounds that play therole of a substrate that can be beneficially used by organisms capableof degrading explosive compounds. Specifically, the inventor discoveredthat organic compounds or polymeric substances (or polymers) were goodsources of such time released materials. Naturally occurring polymersmay be preferred in some applications, but manmade polymers may also beused to practice remediation products/processes of the presentdescription.

Naturally occurring polymers fall into three general types orcategories: (1) polynucleotides; (2) polyamides; and (3)polysaccharides. Of these, the inventor discovered through extensiveresearch and experimentation that polyamides and polysaccharides arelikely the most applicable and useful. In some specific embodiments, oneof the more effective polymeric substances or organic compoundspresented in this description is complex carbohydrates such as one ormore starches (which are polysaccharides). Polymers contain monomericunits that can fulfill the role of a time release material, which isbeneficially used to support degradation of explosive compounds.Polymeric fatty acids such as polylactic acid and polymers of aminoacids (polyamides) are additional examples of organic compounds orpolymeric substances that may be utilized. Short chains of amino acidswith 6 to 30 acids linked together by peptide bonds are referred to aspolypeptides. When the number of amino acids reaches 40 or more(molecular weight of 5000 Da (Daltons)), the chain takes on theproperties associated with proteins. Examples of proteins that may beused in the remediation compositions include casein, yeast extract, andpeptone.

In general, polymeric substances that can be used as part of theremediation compositions described and claimed herein include organiccompounds, which typically will include monomeric units that can be usedas a time release material supporting the degradation of explosiveorganic compounds with average molecular weight exceeding 2500 AMU ormore preferably exceeding 5000 Da. Polysaccharides may alternatively becharacterized according to the general formula Cx(H₂O)_(y), where x isan integer greater than 12 and preferably where x is an integer between200 and 2500 and further where x and y are different integers.Alternatively, polysaccharides may be characterized according to thegeneral formula (C₆H₁₀O₅)_(n), where n is an integer that, in oneembodiment, is greater than or equal to 40 and less than or equal to3000.

This description provides specific examples of polymeric substancesand/or organic compounds in the form of complex carbohydrates such asfood grade starch. However, it will be understood by those skilled inthe art that these are non-limiting examples and other organic compoundsor polymeric substances may be substituted in these remediationcompositions. The description also discusses the supported reactant orelemental iron-based composition that is included in the new remediationcomposition, which is useful for decontaminating soil and/orgroundwater. The description then proceeds to detail possible mixturesor “recipes” for providing the new remediation composition.

More specifically, the remediation composition may include a supportedreactant for the reduction of explosives and other energetic compounds.The reactant may consist essentially of an adsorbent impregnated withzero valent iron, and the adsorbent may have an affinity for energetics.In addition, the adsorbent can be chosen so as to be capable ofadsorbing toxic intermediate by-products produced by the reduction ofthe contaminants, e.g., intermediates such as aminodinitrotoluene,diaminitrotoluene, and other intermediate by-products of trinitrotoluenedecomposition or those of other energetic compounds. In this way, theadsorbent provides a means for concentrating contaminants into a newmatrix where a high surface area of iron is available, as discussedhereinafter in detail. The supported reactants accomplish treatment ofexplosives in soil and groundwater, at least in part, by degrading nitrocontaminants and their toxic intermediate by-products into harmlessby-products (e.g., nitrogen, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water, and soon).

The supported reactants are in some implementations prepared using anadsorbent having a high surface area per unit weight and a high affinityfor explosives and other energetic compounds. Suitable adsorbents forthese purposes include, but are not limited to, activated carbon,vermiculite, alumina, zeolites, and chars such as wood, bone, and thelike. Thus, while the method of preparing the supported reactants isdescribed utilizing activated carbon as the adsorbent, it is to beunderstood that the methods and supported reactants that may be used inthe new remediation composition are not limited to only this adsorbent.

In one non-limiting embodiment, the supported reactant consistsessentially of activated carbon as the support, and the activated carbonis impregnated with zero valent iron. The activated carbon preferablyhas a high surface area per unit weight (preferably ranging from 800 to2000 m²/g) and a high affinity for explosives and other energeticcompounds. The ability of activated carbon to adsorb organics from waterenhances its utility as a support. However, while the activated carboncan trap these contaminants, carbon by itself is not stable over longperiods, i.e., it is subject to erosion, in which case the contaminantsmove with the activated carbon and are not truly trapped and removed.Activated carbon provides an efficient matrix for adsorption ofenergetic and explosive contaminants. Impregnating the activated carbonwith the zero valent iron provides sub-micron deposits of iron withinthe pore structure of the carbon, thus maximizing the metal's availablesurface area and placing the metal where the concentration of adsorbedcontaminant molecules is the highest. Accordingly, the supportedreactant allows efficient contact of the iron with adsorbed chemicalscontaminants, since the iron will be in close proximity to thecontaminant. The supported reactants of the new remediation compositionaccomplish treatment of energetics in soil and groundwater by degradingthese chemicals into harmless by-products.

Activated carbons can be manufactured from a broad spectrum of materialincluding, but not limited to, coal, coconut shells, peat, and wood. Theraw material is typically crushed, screened, and washed to removemineral constituents. The material is then activated at hightemperatures (typically over 900° C.) in a controlled atmosphere toproduce a material having an extensive porous network and a largesurface area (e.g., ranging from 1000 to 2000 m²/g). The supportedreactants may be produced with virtually any source of activated carbon.All that is needed are minor adjustments in system design parameters toaccount for the different forms of carbon. When the product is used forremediation of groundwater, acid-washed carbons may be useful since theacid wash removes any extraneous metals that may be of environmentalconcern from the carbon.

With activated carbon, available surface areas for adsorption preferablyrange from about 800 m²/gm to 2000 m²/gm. Some loss of carbon surfacearea may occur during the impregnation process, but testing has shownthat the loss is not significant when measured by adsorption isotherms.In one embodiment, the surface area of the zero valent iron used in thesupported reactant included in the remediation composition ranges fromabout 50 to 400 m² per gm-deposited iron. The weight percent of irondeposited within the carbon matrix ranges from about 1 percent to 20percent by weight of iron and, in some useful embodiments, in the rangeof about 7 to 8 percent by weight of iron. In one embodiment, thesupported reactant has a total surface area of over 1500 m²/g. The ironcontained in the supported reactants typically is a high purity iron. Inother words, the iron does not contain other metals, such as heavymetals, which would contaminate groundwater and drinking water beyondlimits allowed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Preferably, the iron is at least 99% pure, and the concentrations oftrace contaminants such as chromium, aluminum, potassium, cesium, zinc,lead, nickel, cadmium, and/or arsenic are less than 5 ppm. In somecases, the source of the iron is a food grade salt.

In one particular embodiment, a supported reactant used in theremediation composition for in situ remediation of soil and/orgroundwater contaminated with energetics (or energetic compounds)includes (or even consists essentially of in some cases): (i) anadsorbent impregnated with zero valent iron and (ii) a metal hydroxideor a metal carbonate (such as limestone) in an amount sufficient toprovide a reactant having a pH greater than 7. The adsorbent is selectedto be capable of adsorbing explosives and other energetics. Suitableadsorbents for purposes of this invention include, but are not limitedto, activated carbon, vermiculite, alumina, and zeolites.

As described above, the contaminants in the soil/ground water beingremediated are initially adsorbed by the activated carbon and thendegraded through a reduction mechanism. Béchamp iron and acid reductionis a classic example of amination by reduction of nitroaromatics. Thiswell-known chemistry provides at least some basis for exploring the useof iron under mild conditions for reduction of energetics. Although theoriginal process used a strong mineral acid (hydrochloric acid), it waslearned that various end products were obtained when pH was varied fromacidic to basic conditions and that salts of mineral acids could also beadvantageous.

The inventor completed preliminary bench testing with activated carbonimpregnated with elemental iron on a range of nitrocompounds including anitroalkane, a nitroaromatic, and an explosive nitrophenolic to evaluatethe range of activity. In addition, testing was carried out at neutral,basic, and acidic pH and with an iron salt at neutral pH as anactivator. This preliminary testing did not include the biologicalcomponents of this new technology and was focused on abiotic activity ofthe activated carbon/iron platform and its ability to absorb variousclasses of energetic compounds over a range of pH with metal saltactivation and on identifying degradation byproducts. A key feature ofthe new composition described herein is that contaminants areelectrically bound to the microscale deposits of elemental ironpartially dissolved into the carbon walls within the microporousstructure of the activated carbon to enable shuttling of electronsthrough the carbon and metal connection to the bound contaminant andeffect reduction. The preliminary testing confirmed that this keyfeature was present and highly active as degradation products weredetected in every case.

Preliminary testing has been performed and additional testing isscheduled with the supported reactant coupled to the full complement ofmicroorganisms and time release substrates to fuel complete degradationof these energetic compounds. Based on performance of this newcomposition with other classes of contaminants including halogenatedhydrocarbons, cyclic alkanes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, and ketones,it is anticipated that performance with these explosives and otherenergetic compounds will be effective and result in complete degradationof the parent and intermediate by-products into non-toxic by-productssuch as nitrogen, CO₂ and water. In addition, it is anticipated that theelemental iron impregnated within the porous structure of the activatedcarbon will not be consumed and will perform in a true catalytic fashionaccelerating the rate of contaminant degradation.

The main focus of this new remediation composition has been thecombination of a polymeric substrate with multiple blends ofmicroorganisms designed to degrade targeted energetic contaminants orthe polymeric substrate with the supported reactant described inprevious sections. However, it must be kept in mind that with respect tosome of the contaminants included within the family of energetics andexplosives, the supported reactant alone will completely degrade themwithout the need for inclusion of any substrate or microorganisms.Examples of such compounds include nitroglycerine, nitroguanidine, andperchlorate. Although the use of the combination of supported reactantwith substrate and microorganisms might improve the rates of degradationof these compounds, it is not necessary and the iron impregnatedactivated carbon (supported reactant) will perform exceptionally well onits own.

In review, a composition is taught herein that is useful for removingenergetic compounds from contaminated environments. The compositionincludes a supported reactant including an adsorbent with high affinityfor energetic compounds. Further, the composition includes a firstbioremediation material comprising at least one organism capable ofdegrading an energetic compound and a polymeric substance fueling thefirst bioremediation material during the degrading of the energeticcompound. Additionally, the composition includes a second bioremediationmaterial containing at least one organism or material designed to breakthe polymeric substance into smaller molecules over a degradation timeperiod to provide the fueling of the first bioremediation material in atime-release manner.

In some embodiments of the composition, the adsorbent is impregnatedwith zero valent iron. In the same and other embodiments, the adsorbentcomprises at least one of activated carbon, vermiculite, alumina, azeolite, or a char. In practice, the energetic compound may be anexplosive or a propellant. It may be desirable for the firstbioremediation material to include at least one of bacteria, fungi, anaerobic microorganism, an anaerobic microorganism, an algae, a protozoa,or an actinomycetes.

In some preferred embodiments, the degradation time period is at least20 days in length, and the polymeric substance includes at least one ofa polyamide, a polysaccharide, a complex carbohydrate, a polymeric fattyacid, a polymer of an amino acid, and a protein. For example, thepolymeric substance comprises at least one of starch and chitin, withsome useful compositions using a food grade starch.

I claim:
 1. A composition for removing energetic compounds fromcontaminated environments, comprising: a supported reactant including anadsorbent with high affinity for energetic compounds; a firstbioremediation material comprising at least one organism capable ofdegrading an energetic compound; a polymeric substance fueling the firstbioremediation material during the degrading of the energetic compound;and a second bioremediation material breaking the polymeric substanceinto smaller molecules over a degradation time period to provide thefueling of the first bioremediation material in a time-release manner,wherein the adsorbent includes a ferro-titanium alloy.
 2. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the adsorbent is impregnated with zerovalent iron.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the adsorbentincludes at least one of zinc, tin, platinum, palladium, copper,manganese, iridium, cobalt, titanium, and nickel.
 4. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the adsorbent includes copper-plated iron or ironactivated with platinum or palladium.
 5. The composition of claim 1,wherein the adsorbent comprises at least one of activated carbon,vermiculite, alumina, a zeolite, and a char.
 6. The composition of claim1, wherein the energetic compound is an explosive.
 7. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the energetic compound is a propellant.
 8. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the first bioremediation materialincludes bacteria, fungi, an aerobic microorganism, an anaerobicmicroorganism, an algae, a protozoa, or an actinomycetes.
 9. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the degradation time period is at least20 days in duration.
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein thepolymeric substance comprises a polyamide, a polysaccharide, a complexcarbohydrate, a polymeric fatty acid, a polymer of an amino acid, or aprotein.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymeric substancecomprises at least one of starch and chitin.
 12. The composition ofclaim 11, wherein the starch is a food grade starch.